![]() I received a Doctorate in Education Sciences in 2008, before joining an Institute of Social Development as a trainer in the midst of the reform of social work diplomas, with a view to re-engineering, enhancing and developing training within the National Directory of Professional Certifications. I undertook a Master's degree in Engineering and Training Consultancy with a view to equipping myself and carrying out field actions within the framework of educational projects conducted under the aegis of UNESCO (Burkina Faso, Mali, Paris), and educational NGOs between 19. I took graduate studies in foreign languages before turning to Education Sciences. To begin with, can you tell us a little more about yourself, and what made you study non-formal education? I would like to know more and hear about your views, because these issues are essential to adult education in general, and are important subjects on the EPALE platform. You coordinated an issue of the journal Education Permanente on "Non-formal education and lifelong learning" (issue No. We are going to continue our focus on non-formal and informal education carried out for EPALE in June and July 2019. The issue of non-formal education and lifelong learning is all the more important. They are finding solutions among themselves in order to make up for technical, content and relational shortcomings. At the same time, people are helping and supporting each other. At a time when we are experiencing a global crisis, formal education and training institutions are having to invent new ways of working, disseminating information and providing training. Now there is the need to throw light upon the commercial and non- commercial agencies of education.Non-Formal and Informal Education: History, Current Issues and Questions The first and second agencies have been examined. Brown has classified the agencies into four categories-formal, informal, commercial and non-commercial agencies. Examples of such agencies are library, press, cinema, newspaper, radio, television, theatre, magazine, etc. Such agencies are called passive, for the individual plays passive role as he is not able to influence the agencies. Passive agencies are those agencies which potentially influence the individual but are not influenced at all by the individual. Examples of such agencies are the family, the school, the church, the youth activity groups, associations, social welfare agencies, sports club, museum, art galleries, entertainment programmes, etc. The agency is called active because both the agency and the individual actively participate and share in the educative process. Both the educator and the educand or the individual and the group influence and react to each other. ![]() Those agencies which provide for education through the interaction of the persons are called active agencies of education. ![]() Among the agencies of informal education are family, community, state, social gathering, play-ground, associations, religious ceremonies, crowds, market places, cinema house, news-paper, fairs, exhibitions, radio, television, public meeting, field trip etc. ![]() Individuals learn incidentally and naturally by their own initiatives and efforts. There are not particular places or location for imparting education. These agencies lack all formalities, rules, systematization, pre-planning, premeditation or training. Education is provided to the individuals informally and unconsciously. They are called indirect agencies influencing the behaviour of the individuals. Informal agencies are those institutions which exercise a great educative influence upon the individuals indirectly and ceaselessly throughout their life. Such agencies include school, college, university, library, religious institution, the recreation club, the museum, picture and art galleries, zoo, etc. In short, everything or every aspects of education are pre-planned or planned in advance. There are well-defined aims and objectives, specific curriculum, definite teachers and students, definite and fixed time and place in such agencies. Formal agencies are those institutions and organizations which are set up by the society deliberately with the exclusive aim imparting definite and ready-made tidbits of knowledge in a specified time under a structured environment.
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